Water is one of the most valuable resources on any farm or homestead, and rainwater collection is a simple, sustainable way to make the most of it. Let’s look at how to turn rainfall harvesting into a reliable water source for your farm, ranch, or home.
What is rainwater harvesting?
Rainwater harvesting is what it sounds like – collecting rainwater that would otherwise run off your roof or land and storing it for later use.
Farmers, ranchers, and homesteaders have been doing this for generations, using everything from simple rain barrels to large-scale storage tanks. It’s an easy way to capture a free and natural resource, putting it to work for your home, animals, and land.
The Benefits of Collecting Rainwater
- Reducing reliance on municipal or well water: Collecting rainwater gives you a water source independent of city utilities or groundwater levels.
- Providing water for livestock, crops, and general farm use: Rainwater is a great backup for watering livestock or irrigating gardens, especially during dry spells.
- Eco-friendly and sustainable resource management: Collecting rainwater is one of the simplest ways to make your farm or homestead more sustainable. Plus, using rainwater instead of tap water reduces the strain on local water systems.
Is rainwater collection legal?
If you’ve ever heard that collecting rainwater is illegal, you’re not alone. It’s a common concern, but in most cases, that’s not entirely true.
Rainwater collection is legal in most states – but with some regulations attached.
Each state has its own rules, and some have restrictions to make sure water use remains sustainable. For example, some states limit the amount you can collect, while others require specific storage methods to prevent contamination. A few states even offer incentives for rainwater harvesting.
Before setting up a rainwater collection system, it’s a good idea to check your local regulations.
Start by visiting your state’s environmental or water conservation agency website. Trusted sources like the EPA, state water boards, and local extension offices can provide accurate, up-to-date guidance. You can also check out the FEMP Rainwater Harvesting Tool, which provides links to various state resources.
If you’re still unsure, contact your county or city government. Many areas have simple guidelines, and a quick call can save you from unexpected fines or compliance issues down the road.
Follow Best Practices for Compliance
No matter where you live, following best practices ensures you stay within legal limits while making the most of your rainwater collection system. Here are a few key tips:
- Use approved equipment: Many regulations require covered storage tanks to prevent mosquito breeding and contamination.
- Install a first flush system: Some states mandate a first flush diverter, which helps filter debris and pollutants from rooftops before water enters the storage system.
- Stay within collection limits: Some states cap how much rainwater you can collect, particularly in areas where water rights are tightly regulated. Check your state’s guidelines to avoid exceeding permitted amounts.
- Know the permitting rules: While many areas allow rainwater harvesting without permits, some require one for larger systems. If you’re planning a high-capacity setup, check whether a permit is needed before installation.
How to Collect Rainwater
Setting up a rainwater collection system is easier than you might think. Below, we’ll walk through the key components, collection methods, and best practices for keeping your water clean.
Collection System
Before you start collecting rainwater, you’ll need the right system. A well-designed setup helps with efficient collection and keeps the water as clean as possible.
1. Gutter and Downspout
Gutters and downspouts act as the highway that directs rainwater from your roof to your storage container. Installing them is the first step if you don’t already have gutters. Be sure to:
- Keep them clean: Leaves, twigs, and debris can clog the system and introduce contaminants.
- Position downspouts correctly: Direct them toward your collection barrel or tank for maximum efficiency.
- Use gutter guards: Mesh screens help keep out large debris before it reaches your system.
2. Roof Catchment Areas
The type of roof you have affects water quality. Some materials are better suited for rainwater harvesting than others.
- Metal roofs (galvanized steel, aluminum, or coated metal) are ideal for collecting rainwater because they shed debris easily and don’t leach harmful chemicals.
- Clay or concrete tiles work well but may need a sealant to prevent water absorption.
- Asphalt shingles are NOT the best option since they can release small particles and chemicals over time.
If your roof isn’t ideal, consider using a first flush diverter to filter out contaminants before the water reaches your tank.
3. First Flush Diverters
A first flush diverter helps improve water quality by discarding the initial runoff, which may contain dust, leaves, or bird droppings. Once the first bit of rain has been redirected, cleaner water flows into your barrel or tank.
Rainwater Collection Methods
You’ve set up your gutters and catchment system. Now, it’s time to choose how you’ll store your water.
Rain Barrels
For small-scale collections, rain barrels are an easy and affordable option. Simply place one under a downspout to capture water as it flows from your roof.
- 50-Gallon Poly Barrel with Spigot: This barrel is perfect for watering gardens or filling livestock troughs. The built-in spigot makes access easy.
- 55-Gallon Screw-Top Barrel: A great choice for those who prefer a secure, sealed container.
Water Tanks
If you’re looking to store more water for farm use, livestock, or emergency backup, consider a high-capacity storage tank. Options like these provide long-term storage and durability.
- 550-Gallon Norwesco Potable Water Storage Tank: Ideal for farms and ranches needing a moderate supply.
- 2,500-Gallon Norwesco Vertical Potable Water Tank: A great solution for large-scale rainwater collection.
Preventing Contamination
Keeping your collected rainwater clean is key, especially if you’re using it for animals, irrigation, or household tasks. Here’s how to prevent contamination.
1. Keep leaves and debris out of the system.
- Install gutter guards: These help block leaves and large debris before they enter your downspout.
- Use a fine mesh screen: Placing a screen over your rain barrel opening prevents insects and small debris from entering.
- Regularly clean your gutters: A quick seasonal cleaning keeps your system running smoothly.
2. Avoid contamination from pesticides or bird droppings on roofs.
- First flush diverters: These remove initial runoff that may contain contaminants.
- Position your catchment area away from treated fields: If you use pesticides on your property, make sure your rainwater collection system is positioned to avoid runoff contamination.
3. Use filters and screens.
- Inline filters: These can be installed between your downspout and tank to remove fine particles.
- Charcoal or sediment filters: Additional filtration will be necessary if you plan to use rainwater for drinking or cooking.
How to Store Rainwater
Once you’ve collected rainwater, proper storage is important to prevent contamination, reduce water loss, and keep rainwater safe.
- Keep rainwater covered: Open containers invite mosquitoes, algae, and debris. Always use a sealed or screened lid.
- Use dark-colored or opaque tanks: Sunlight encourages algae growth. Black or dark green tanks help block UV rays and keep water clean.
- Add a spigot for easy access: Spigots simplify dispensing water and help prevent contamination from dipping buckets directly into the tank.
Consider placing tanks in a shaded area or using a UV-resistant cover for added protection.
How long can rainwater be stored?
That depends on its use.
- For watering plants or livestock, rainwater can be stored indefinitely if kept in a sealed, dark, and cool container.
- For drinking or household use, stored rainwater should be filtered and purified before consumption, and it’s best to rotate the supply every 1-2 months if untreated.
Tips for Treating and Purifying Rainwater (if Needed)
If you plan to drink or cook with rainwater, purification is necessary. Here are a few options:
- Boiling: A simple and effective way to kill bacteria and viruses.
- Filtration systems: Use a sediment filter followed by a charcoal or UV filter for extra protection.
- Chlorination: A small amount of bleach (about 1/8 teaspoon per gallon) can keep water safe for longer-term storage.
How do you prevent stagnation and bacteria growth in stored rainwater?
- Aerate the water: Stir or circulate stored water occasionally to prevent stagnation.
- Use a first-flush diverter: It helps keep dirt and organic material out from the start.
- Keep tanks sealed: This prevents debris and insects from contaminating your water.
Common Challenges & Troubleshooting
Rainwater collection is a practical and rewarding way to conserve water, but like any system, it comes with its challenges.
Winterizing Your Rainwater Collection System
If you live in a region with freezing temperatures, winter can be tough on your rainwater system. Water expands when it freezes, which can crack pipes, damage tanks, and burst fittings if not properly managed.
How to Prevent Freezing in Colder Climates
- Drain or disconnect small barrels: If you’re using a 50- or 55-gallon rain barrel, consider emptying it before the first freeze and storing it upside down to prevent damage.
- Use frost-proof storage tanks: Large-scale tanks like the Norwesco 550-gallon or 2,500-gallon potable water tanks are designed to withstand outdoor conditions, but placing them in a sheltered or partially buried location helps regulate temperature.
- Install freeze-proof spigots and pipes: If you plan to use your system year-round, insulate pipes and use heated spigots to prevent freezing.
- Keep water moving: Moving water is less likely to freeze, so consider a small recirculating pump or using collected water regularly to prevent stagnation.
Keep the System Clean & Functional
A well-maintained rainwater collection system lasts longer, prevents contamination, and provides a smooth operation.
- Spring: Clear out gutters and downspouts before heavy rains begin. Inspect screens and diverters for debris buildup.
- Summer: Check for leaks, algae growth, and mosquito activity. Keep tanks shaded or covered to reduce water temperature and evaporation.
- Fall: Clean gutters of falling leaves and install fine mesh screens to prevent blockages.
- Winter: Drain or insulate exposed pipes and spigots. Shut off and store small rain barrels if needed.
Stop Leaks and Clogs
- Check seals and fittings regularly: Make sure all connections are watertight, especially where gutters meet downspouts or barrels.
- Use fine mesh screens: These help keep leaves, twigs, and insects from clogging your system.
- Inspect first flush diverters: Check that they work correctly so debris doesn’t enter your storage tanks.
- Flush out sediment buildup: Dirt and debris can settle at the bottom of your tank or barrel over time. Draining and rinsing your storage containers periodically helps prevent blockages.
Collect, Store, and Use
Rainwater collection is a practical, cost-effective way to make your farm or homestead more self-sufficient.
Explore Wilco Farm Store today for your rainwater harvesting supplies and take the first step toward water independence!
